The Life and Exiles of Bahá’u’lláh
Baha’is believe that throughout history, God has revealed Himself to humanity through a series of divine Messengers. The messengers include Abraham, Krishna, Zoroaster, Moses, Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad.
The latest of these Messengers is Bahá’u’lláh, who brings new spiritual and social teachings for our modern age.
Bahá’u’lláh taught
• There is only one God.
• All the world’s religions are from God.
• Mankind is one.
This presentation presents a brief overview of his life, trials and exiles in bringing this message to humanity
The childhood of Bahá’u’lláh
Bahá’u’lláh was born in 1817 in Tehran, Persia.
His given name was Husayn Ali, and He was the son of a wealthy government minister, Mirza Buzurg-i-Nuri. The family could trace its ancestry back to the great dynasties of Iran's imperial past. Bahá’u’lláh led a princely life as a young man, receiving an education that focused largely on calligraphy, horsemanship, classic poetry, and swordsmanship
It has been recorded that even as a child,
He was advanced beyond His age and superior to His surroundings. All who knew Him were astonished at His precocity. It was usual for them to say, ‘Such a child will not live, ‘ for it is commonly believed that precocious children do not reach maturity.”
The city of Tehran, Iran, where Bahá’u’lláh was born
Bahá’u’lláh’s Early Adulthood
After the death of His father, Bahá’u’lláh declined the ministerial career in the government that was available to Him. When the prime minister was informed of Bahá’u’lláh's decision he remarked: "Leave him to himself. Such a position is unworthy of him.…“
In addition Baha’u’llah inherited several slaves on his father’s death which he freed (in 1839). In a letter he addressed to them, he says that all humans are symbolically “owned” by God — therefore no person can be the owner of another human being. This letter may be one of the world’s earliest emancipation proclamations.
Instead of pursuing a life of power and leisure, Bahá’u’lláh chose to devote His energies to a range of philanthropies which had, by the early 1840s, earned Him renown as "father of the poor.”
The house of Bahá’u’lláh in Takur, Mázindarán, destroyed by the government in 1981
Ardent Supporter of a new Religion…
In 1844, a youth named the Báb arose in Persia to proclaim that the great day of God awaited by all religions had come. He claimed that His purpose was to prepare people for the coming of “Him whom God shall make manifest.” His teachings shook the country to its core and spread rapidly. Bahá’u’lláh immediately became one of the most active of the Báb’s followers.
Door of house in Shiraz where the Bab first proclaimed his mission
Bahá’u’lláh tortured in Mázindaránand Imprisoned in Tehran
The clergy and government united to try and exterminate the new Faith. Thousands of followers were killed in these days, (and persecution of Baha’is in Iran continues today.)
In 1848, in the providence of Mázindarán, Persia, Bahá’u’lláh was arrested and bastinadoed (beaten with a rod on the soles of His feet until they bled) for being a follower of the Báb.
He was transferred to Tehran where Bahá’u’lláh was cast into a dungeon known as the Black Pit, a filthy, pitch-black prison stories underground. It was while He had a 100 lb. chain around His neck and suffering from lack of decent food and water, that He received the first intimations of a divine revelation within Him.
Síyáh-Chál dungeon in Tehran (literally -“Black Pit”)
Banishment to Iraq (1853)
Bahá’u’lláh
left Tehran on
Jan. 13th, 1853
After 4 months in the Black Pit, Bahá’u’lláh was banished from His native land – the beginning of 40 years of exile, imprisonment and persecution. He had no time to recuperate from the ill health caused by being in the dungeon and from the wounds resulting from the weighty chains around His neck.
He went first to Baghdad, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. Complicity between the Persian and Ottoman rulers governed all His remaining banishments.
Bahá’u’lláh and His family were ill-equipped for the rigors of a three month journey during the winter of 1853. The route passed through snow-covered mountains in western Iran. Inadequate shelter, poor clothing and insufficient provisions made their travel especially perilous.
Solitude in the mountains of Kurdistan
Just over a year after arriving in Baghdad, Bahá’u’lláh withdrew to the mountainous wilderness of Kurdistan, where He lived alone for two years. He spent His time reflecting on the implications of the divine purpose to which He had been called. The period is reminiscent of Moses' withdrawal to Mount Sinai, Jesus’ 40 days and nights in the desert, and Muhammad's retreat to the cave on Mount Hira.
In 1856 Bahá’u’lláh rejoined His family and the other Bábís in Baghdad. Under His renewed leadership, the stature of the Bábí community grew and His reputation as a spiritual leader spread throughout the region. Bahá’u’lláh wrote some of His most renowned works in Baghdad, including the "Hidden Words," "Seven Valleys," and the "Book of Certitude" (Kitab-i-Iqan). His writings alluded to His station, but it was still not the time for a public announcement of His mission.
View of the mountains where Bahá’u’lláh stayed in Sulaymaniyyih
Bahá’u’lláh declares His mission
Bahá’u’lláh had been in Baghdad for ten years. Fearing that His growing acclaim would re-ignite popular enthusiasm in Iran for the new religion, the regime of the Shah successfully pressed the Ottoman authorities to send Him farther away.
In April 1863, before leaving Baghdad for Constantinople (Istanbul), Bahá’u’lláh and His companions camped in a garden on the banks of the Tigris River for twelve days. Bahá’u’lláh told these few friends that He was the Promised One foretold by the Báb — foretold, indeed, in all the world's scriptures. Today, the most joyous of Bahá’í holy days is the Ridván Festival, which celebrates the anniversary of those twelve days.
Historical view of Baghdad and the Tigris River
Second Exile - Constantinople (Istanbul)
Bahá’u’lláh
arrived in Constantinople
Aug. 16th, 1863
On 3 May 1863, Bahá’u’lláh rode out of Baghdad on His way to Constantinople (known today as Istanbul), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, accompanied by His family and some of His devoted followers. He had become much loved by the people of Baghdad. Eyewitnesses said crowds gathered along the road, and many onlookers, including scholars and government officials, were overcome with emotion as they paid their respects. Bahá’u’lláh had become well-known in Baghdad and Kurdistan, and people came out to meet Him all along the way to Constantinople.
Bahá’u’lláh
left Baghdad
May 3rd, 1863
Constantinople
Bahá’u’lláh and his family disembarked from the steamer in Constantinople on Sunday, 16 August 1863 but did not stay there long.
His enemies were able to stir up suspicion against Him, leading to His banishment to Adrianople (Edirne) just four months later. It was in the depth of winter that Sultan 'Abdu'l-Azíz, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, ordered Bahá’u’lláh expelled from Constantinople. In response, Bahá’u’lláh wrote a letter to the Sultan in which He "severely censured his ministers, exposed their immaturity and incompetence … and sternly admonished [them] not to pride themselves on their worldly possessions… " One of the officials who read the letter remarked, "It is as if the King of Kings were issuing his behest to the humblest vassal king and regulating his conduct."
View of Constantinople (now called Istanbul)
Third Exile - Adrianople (Edirne)
Bahá’u’lláh
arrived in Adrianople
Dec. 13th, 1863
Shortly after the arrival of the exiles in Adrianople, many residents of the city became deeply attracted to Bahá’u’lláh. The governor, high-ranking officials and leaders of thought sought out His company and showed great reverence. Bahá’u’lláh’s teachings continued to spread and the intensity of His revelation required a number of secretaries to work day and night recording His words.
It was during the time in Adrianople that Bahá’u’lláh wrote one of His best known works — the Tablet of Ahmad. The tablet was addressed to one of His most ardent followers, who had suffered numerous acts of persecution for accepting the teachings of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh.
One of the tragic episodes of Bahá’u’lláh's time in Adrianople concerned the actions of his half-brother Mírzá Yahyá. Because of this reverence for Bahá’u’lláh, and Mírzá Yahyá was so jealous that he had someone poison Him. Bahá’u’lláh became extremely ill, and it took Him months to recuperate. The episode left Him with a tremor that showed in His handwriting to the end of His life.
Bahá’u’lláh writes to Kings and Rulers
It was in Adrianople that Bahá’u’lláh wrote to the kings and rulers of the world. In these letters, Bahá’u’lláh openly proclaimed His station as a Messenger of God. He urged leaders to pursue justice and disarmament, band together into a commonwealth of nations warning them of dire consequences should they fail to establish peace.
Austria’s Emperor
Francis Joseph
Germany’s Kaiser
Wilhelm I
France’s Emperor
Napoleon III
Catholicism’s Pope
Pius IX
Russia’s Czar
Alexander II
Great Britain’s
Queen Victoria
Canada
John Macdonald
Mexico
Benito Juarez
United States
Andrew Johnson
The Ottoman Empire’s
Sultan Abdu‘l-'Aziz
Iran’s
Nasiri‘d-Din Shah
Chile
José Joaquín Pérez
Brazil
Pedro II
Bolivia
Mariano Melgarejo
Argentina
Bartolomé Mitre
Fourth Exile – Prison city of ‘Akká
In 1868 the Sultan further banished Bahá’u’lláh to the prison city of ‘Akká where the worst criminals were sent.
In the mid-1800s ‘Akká (today Acre, Israel) was the end of the world, a final destination for the most notorious murderers, highway robbers, and political enemies of the Ottoman regime. A walled city of filthy streets and damp, desolate houses, ‘Akká had no source of fresh water, and the air was popularly described as being so foul that birds flying overhead would fall dead out of the sky.
The authorities expected that Bahá’u’lláh and His companions would perish quickly in this prison city.
Bahá’u’lláh
arrived in ‘AkkáAugust. 31st, 1868
An imposing prison
A group of family and followers numbering some 70 souls were imprisoned with Bahá’u’lláh.
“So filthy and brackish was the water in the pool of the courtyard that no one could drink it… All fell sick, except two, shortly after their arrival. Malaria, dysentery, combined with sultry heat, added to their miseries.”
Soon after their arrival the sentence of Sultan 'Abdu'l-Azíz was read — a sentence that "not only condemned them to perpetual banishment, but stipulated their strict incarceration, and forbade them to associate either with each other or with the local inhabitants."
Bahá’u’lláh was to spend the rest of His life, 24 years, in ‘Akká and its environs.
The sea gate where Bahá’u’lláh and His companions entered ‘Akká in 1868
The cell of Bahá’u’lláh
Bahá’u’lláh states, “None knoweth what befell Us, except God, the Almighty, the All-Knowing…. From the foundations of the world until the present day, a cruelty such as this hath neither been seen nor heard of.”
The first months in the prison were harsh and restrictive, the prison guards interpreting the Sultan's decree rigorously. Bahá’u’lláh was kept under surveillance and was virtually isolated. But gradually, although not a single word of the sentence was changed, the officials began to treat their Bahá'í prisoners differently. His eldest son, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's, care of the sick and His concern for the welfare of the prisoners, together with Bahá’u’lláh's demeanor and nobility, so impressed the authorities that they relaxed some of the restrictions.
The interior of the cell occupied by Bahá’u’lláh
Bahá’u’lláh’s followers begin to visit ‘Akká
As news of His arrival in ‘Akká spread throughout the region, many of Bahá’u’lláh’s followers in other places set out, often on foot over hundreds of kilometers, to visit Him. They usually were denied entrance to the walled city and were forced to settle for a glimpse of Him standing at a distant window.
In 1873, Bahá’u’lláh completed His most important work, the Most Holy Book (Kitáb-i-Aqdas). The book outlines the essential laws and principles to be observed by His followers, lays the groundwork for Bahá'í institutions, and articulates His vision for the development of human civilization. Bahá’u’lláh stated: "They whom God hath endued with insight will readily recognize that the precepts laid down by God constitute the highest means for the maintenance of order in the world and the security of its peoples."
The view from the prison
Recognition of Bahá’u’lláh continues to grow
Many of the ‘Akká citizens became Bahá’u’lláh’s admirers. On one occasion, a European general who, together with the governor, was granted an audience by Him, was so impressed that he 'remained kneeling on the ground near the door.’ "
In such esteem was Bahá’u’lláh held that local officials said He was free to leave the prison city.
In September 1879, a deserted mansion was rented near ‘Akká. This would be Bahá’u’lláh’s last home. It provided space required to meet visitors and friends who came to see Him as the Bahá’í Faith continued to grow beyond Persia and the Ottoman Empire.
A view of the Mansion of Bahjí from the south
Professor Browne meets Bahá’u’lláh
In April 1890, Professor Edward Granville Browne of Cambridge University met Bahá’u’lláh in four successive interviews. Professor Browne wrote of his first meeting: "The face of Him on Whom I gazed I can never forget, though I cannot describe it. Those piercing eyes seemed to read one's very soul; power and authority sat on that ample brow.… No need to ask in whose presence I stood, as I bowed myself before one who is the object of a devotion and love which kings might envy and emperors sigh for in vain.”
Bahá’u’lláh stated at that meeting: "… That all nations should become one in faith and all men as brothers; that the bonds of affection and unity between the sons of men should be strengthened; that diversity of religion should cease, and differences of race be annulled —what harm is there in this? … Yet so it shall be; these fruitless strifes, these ruinous wars shall pass away, and the 'Most Great Peace' shall come.… Let not a man glory in this, that he loves his country; let him rather glory in this, that he loves his kind."
Room of Bahá’u’lláh at the Mansion of Bahjí
Edward Granville Browne of Cambridge University
The passing of Bahá’u’lláh (1892)
In the early hours of 29 May 1892, Bahá’u’lláh passed away at the Mansion of Bahjí. Nine days later His will was unsealed. It designated his eldest son, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, as His successor and head of the Bahá'í Faith — the first time in history that the founder of a world religion had made explicitly clear whom people should follow after His death.
Shortly after the passing of Bahá’u’lláh, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent this message: "The Sun of Truth, that Most Great Light, hath set upon the horizon of the world to rise with deathless splendour over the Realm of the Limitless. In His Most Holy Book He calleth the firm and steadfast of His friends: 'Be not dismayed, O peoples of the world, when the day-star of My beauty is set, and the heaven of My tabernacle is concealed from your eyes. Arise to further My Cause, and to exalt My Word amongst men.'"
Room where Bahá’u’lláh passed away in 1892
The Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh
Bahá’u’lláh was buried in a simple room in a house next to the Mansion of Bahjí.
This is the holiest place on earth for Bahá'ís, where they turn to in prayer each day.
Pilgrims come from all corners of the globe to pay their respects to Bahá’u’lláh and to rededicate their lives to the noble purposes that He set before humanity.
On grounds of Bahjí
To Be Continued…